Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals provides the fisheries and aquaculture industry with vital information on the use of sedation and anaesthetics in the avoidance of stress and physical damage, which can easily be caused by crowding, capture, handling, transportation and release.

Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals has maintained its accessible format and incorporates much new emphasis on:

• Fish pain and welfare: a rapidly developing area of interest and debate
• Anaesthesia and legislation: with an international perspective

Contents

Defining Stress in Aquatic Animals

• The Adrenergic System and the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal axis
• The Generalised Stress Response
• External Signs of Stress
• Internal Signs of Stress
• Acclimation to Stressors
• Stress Reduction
• Stress Reduction During Anaesthesia
• Stress Induced by Anaesthesia

Pain in Aquatic Animals

• Defining Pain
• Nociception
• The Neurological Basis of Nociception
• The Central Nervous System and Pain Perception
• Nociception and Pain Perception in Aquatic Invertebrates
• Nociception and Pain Perception in Aquatic Vertebrates

The Nature of Anaesthesia, Sedation and Analgesia

• General Anaesthesia and Sedation
• Local Anaesthesia
• Analgesia
• The Mechanism of Anaesthesia
• The Stages of Anaesthesia
• Dose, Exposure Time and Effects Achieved
• Euthanasia

The Features of Anaesthetic Agents

• Desirable Features of an Anaesthetic Agent
• Toxicity and Margin of Safety
• Additives

Anaesthesia and Legislation

• Safe Operator Practice for Users and Safe Storage of Drugs and Chemicals
• Food Chain Safety
• Environmental Safety
• Animal Welfare and Experimentation
• Safety Legislation Concerning Electric Fishing and Similar Electrical Apparatus

Factors Affecting the Response of Aquatic Ectotherms to Anaesthesia

• Biotic Factors
• Environmental of Abiotic Factors Affecting Efficacy Anaesthesia

Anaesthesia of Fish: I. Inhalation Anaesthesia

• Water Quality Maintenance During Inhalation Anaesthesia
• The Basic Procedure
• Direct Application to the Gills
• Artificially Ventilated Inhalation Anaesthesia
• Drugs Used for Inhalation Anaesthesia
• Widely Used Drugs for Inhalation Anaesthesia
• Less Widely Used Drugs for Inhalation Anaesthesia
• Inhalation Anaesthesia Using Plant Extracts

Anaesthesia of Fish: II. Inhalation Anaesthesia Using Gases

• Carbon Dioxide
• Carbon Dioxide from Sodium Bicarbonate
• Fluorinated Hydrocarbons

Anaesthesia of Fish: III. Parenteral and Oral Anaesthesia

• Routes for Administration of Drugs by Injection
• Effective Injectable Anaesthetic Drugs
• Widely Used Drugs for Injection Anaesthesia
• Less Widely Used Drugs for Injection Anaesthesia
• Oral Anaesthesia: Chemicals in Food
• Additives-Again

Anaesthesia of Fish: IV. Non-Chemical Methods

• Hypothermia
• Electroanaesthesia
• Immobilisation Using Direct Current (d.c.)
• Immobilisation Using Alternatng Current (a.c.)
• Pulsed White Noise

Anaesthesia of Aquatic Invertebrates

• Anaesthesia of Molluses
• Anaesthesia of Crustaceans

Anaesthesia of Amphibians and Reptiles

• Amphibians
• Reptiles

Transportation and Anaesthesia

• The Physical and Biological Problems in Transportation
• Basic Techniques for Transportation
• Sedation
• Sedation of Molluscs
• Sedation of Fish

Index

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