Cyanide in Water and Soil presents the state-of-the-art in managing cyanide across a wide range of industrial and environmental contexts.

Features:

• Provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the fate, transport, toxicity, and treatment of different chemical forms of cyanide released into the environment
• Demonstrates that cyanide cannot be considered a single entity in regulations and engineering investigations related to water and wastewater treatment and contaminated site remediation
• Elucidates the importance of the natural cyanide cycle in the environment and how anthropogenically released cyanide is influenced by the natural cyanide cycle
• Presents a comprehensive summary of the analytical methods available for measurement of cyanide species in water, soil, and solid/semi-solid materials
• Includes detailed ecological and human health risk assessment strategies applicable to industries that will help the practicing professional
• Provides an in-depth examination of control and treatment technologies and of management approaches available for cyanide-impacted water and soil media

Contents

Introduction

• Cyanide in History
• Cyanide Chemical Structure
• Cyanide and the Origin of Life
• Ubiquity of Cyanide Compounds in Nature
• Cyanide in Industry
• Cyanide Releases to Water and Soil
• Cyanide: Chemistry, Risk and Management
• Cyanide Regulations
• Cyanide Treatment Technology

Physical and Chemical Forms of Cyanide

• Gaseous Forms of Cyanide
• Aqueous Forms of Cyanide
• Solid Forms of Cyanide

Natural Sources of Cyanide

• Cyanide in Vascular Plants
• Cyanide in Microorganisms
• Cyanide in Animals
• Cyanide in Forest Fires

Manufacture and the Use of Cyanide

• Production of Cyanide Compounds
• Incidental Industrial Production of Cyanide

Physical-Chemical Properties and Reactivity of Cyanide in Water and Soil

• Free Cyanide
• Metal Cyanides: Aqueous Species
• Metal-Cyanides: Solid Phase Compounds
• Cyanate
• Thiocyanate
• Organocyanides

Biological Transformation of Cyanide in Water and Soil

• Microbial Degradation
• Fungal Degradation
• Pathways for Fungal Degradation of Cyanogenic Compounds
• Bacterial Assimilation
• Fungal Assimilation
• Botanical Transformation Processes
• Environmental Impacts of Cyanide Assimilation

Analysis of Cyanide in Water

• Interferences and Pretreatments
• Total Cyanide Measurement Techniques
• Weak Metal-Cyanide Complexes
• Metal Cyanide Complex Analysis by Liquid Chormatography
• Free Cyanide Analysis
• Thiocyanate and Cyanate Measurement Techniques
• Cyanogen Halide Analysis
• Organocyanide Measurement Techniques
• Comparative Method Performance
• Quality Control Criteria for Measurement of Cyanide in Water
• Measuring Cyanides - A Regulatory Dilemma

Analysis of Cyandie in Solids and Semi-Solids

• Direct Acid Distillation
• Acid Solution Extraction
• Neutral Solution Extraction
• Alkaline Solution Extraction
• Effect of Extraction Solution pH
• Effect of Liquid-Solid Ratio
• Effect of Extraction Time
• Extraction of Plant and Animal Tissue, and other Semi-Solid Materials
• Quality Control and Method Performance Evaluation

Fate and Transport of Anthropogenic Cyanide in Surface Water

• Synoptic Review of Cyanide Speciation and Toxicity
• Primary Cyanide Fate-Determining Environmental Processes
• Prediction and Assessment of Exposure to Cyanide

Fate and Transport of Anthropogenic Cyanide in Soil and Groundwater

• Distribution and Speciation of Cyanide at Industrial Sites
• Impact of Site Geochemistry on Speciation and Distribution of Cyanide
• Important Fate Processes for Cyanide
• Transport of Cyanide in Soil and Groundwater at Contaminated Sites

Anthropogenic Cyanide in the Marine Envirnoment

• Wastewater Discharges to Coastal Waters
• Use of Cyanide for Capturing Live Reef Fish

Cyanide Cycle in Nature

• Global Output of Cyanide
• Physical, Chemical and Biological Processes that Influence Environmental Fate of Cyanide
• Why Doesn't Cyanide Build-up in Nature?
• Cycling of Anthropogenic Cyanide in Nature
• Combined Natural and Anthropogenic Cyanide Cycle

Human Toxicology of Cyanide

• Exposure
• Sites of Action
• Symptoms and Signs Caused by Cyanide
• Generation and Metabolism of Cyanide in Body Tissues
• Mechanisms of Cyanide Toxicity
• Cyanide Antidotes

Aquatic Toxicity of Cyanide

• Mechanisms of Toxicity
• Cyanide Bioavailability
• Toxicity to Freshwater Biota
• Toxicity to Marine Biota
• Regulatory Criteria for Protection of Aquatic Life

Toxicity of Cyanide to Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife

• Distribution of Cyanide in the Environment
• Exposure Pathways
• Mechanisms of Toxicity
• Literature Review Methods and Scope
• Data Analysis
• Discussion
• Bioaccumulation of Cyanide
• Toxicity Thresholds for Cyanide

Human Health Risk Assessment of Cyanide Compounds in Water and Soil

• Environmental Concentrations and Exposure Pathways
• Exposure Pathways
• Toxicity Evaluation
• Risk Characteristics

Ecological Risk Assessment of Cyanide in Water and Soil

• Problem Formulation
• Ecological Effects Assessment
• Ecological Exposure Assessment
• Risk Characterization

Regulation of Cyanide in Water and Soil

• U.S. Regulations and Guidelines for Cyanide in Water
• Regulatory Standards, Guidelines, and Criteria for Solid Matrices - Soil, Sediment and Process Residuals
• International Regulatory Standards for Cyanide in Water and Soil
• Technical/Regulatory Issues

Cyanide Treatment Technology: Overview

• Technology Selection

Ambient Temperature Oxidation Technologies For Treatment of Cyanide

• Alkaline Chlorination Technologies
• Oxidation Technologies with Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide
• Photocatalytic Oxidation Technology
• Inco'S Air/SO2 Process
• Additional Technologies

Separation Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide

• Adsorption Technologies
• Precipitation Technologies
• Air Stripping

Thermal and High Temperature Oxidation Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide

• High Temperature Alkaline Hydrolysis
• High Temperature Alkaline Chlorination
• Incineration/Thermal Treatment
• Electrolytic Decomposition or Oxidation
• Polysulfide Process
• Wet Air Oxidation
• Other Thermal Technologies
• Thermal Technology Overview

Microbiological Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide

• Process Fundamentals
• Wastewater Treatment Process Configurations
• Full-Scale Application of Biological Treatment for Cyanide in Gold Mining
• Biological Treatment of Solid Wastes Containing Cyanide

Cyanide Phytoremediation

• Phytoremediation: An Emerging Biotechnology
• Cyanide Contamination in the Environment
• Feasibility of Cyanide Phytoremediation
• Modeling Cyanide Uptake and Fate in Plants
• Cyanide Phytoremediation: Limitations and Challenges
• Possible Scenarios for Cyanide Phytoremediation
• Regulatory Concerns

Management of Cyanide in Municipal Wastewaters

• Sources of Cyanide in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Influent
• Fate of Cyanide in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
• Generation of Cyanide in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
• Management Strategies for Low-Level Cyanide in Discharges from POTWs

Management of Cyanide in Industrial Process Wastewaters

• Management Strategy
• Examples of Cyanide Management in Industrial Wastewaters

Cyanide Management in Groundwater and Soil

• Groundwater Management
• Management of Cyanide-Impacted Soil and/or Residuals

Index

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