Layer of Protection Analysis provides all the necessary information to undertake and complete a Layer of Protection Analysis during any stage in a processes' life cycle.
Loaded with tables, charts, and examples, Layer of Protection Analysis is invaluable to technical experts involved with ensuring the safety of a process.
Contents:
- Introduction
- History of LOPA
- Use of LOPA in the Process Life Cycle
- Linkage to Other CCPS Publications
- Annotated Outline of the LOPA book
- Overview of LOPA
- What is LOPA
- What LOPA Does
- When to Use LOPA
- How LOPA Works
- How to Implement LOPA
- Limitations of LOPA
- Benefits of LOPA
- Introduction of Continuing Examples
- Estimating Consequences and Severity
- Consequences of Interest
- Consequences Evaluation Approaches for LOPA
- Continuing Examples
- Developing Scenarios
- LOPA Scenarios and Components
- Identifying and Developing Candidate Scenarios
- Continuing Examples
- Identifying Initiating Event Frequency
- Initiating Events
- Frequency Estimation
- Expression of Failure Rates
- Continuing Examples
- Limitations (Cautions)
- Identifying Independent Protection Layers
- Definition and Purpose of an IPL
- IPL Rules
- LOPA IPL Assessment
- Example of IPLs
- Preventive IPLs versus Mitigation IPLs
- Continuing Examples
- Determining the Frequency of Scenarios
- Quantitative Calculation of Risk and Frequency
- Look-up Table Determination of Risk of Frequency
- Calculation of Risk of Frequency with Integer Logarithms
- Continuing Examples
- Using LOPA to Make Risk Decisions
- Comparing Calculated Risk to Scenario Risk Tolerance Criteria
- Expert Judgment
- Using Cost-Benefit to Compare Alternatives
- Comparison of Approaches, Pros and Cons
- Cumulative Risk Criteria versus Scenario Criteria
- Continuing Examples
- Cautions
- Implementing LOPA
- Is the Company ready for LOPA
- What Is the Current Foundation for Risk Assessment
- What Dare Are Required
- Will the IPLs Remain in Place
- How Are the Risk Tolerance Criteria Established
- When IS LOPA Used
- Typical Implementation Tasks
- Using LOPA for Other Applications
- Using LOPA in Capital Improvement Planning
- Using LOPA in Management of Change
- Using LOPA in Mechanical Integrity Programs or Risk-Based Inspection/Risk-Based Maintenance Programs
- Using LOPA in Risk-Based Operator Training
- Using LOPA in emergency Response Planning
- Using LOPA to Determine a Credible Design Basis for Overpressure Protection
- Using LOPA in Evaluating Facility Siting Risks
- Using LOPA to Evaluate the Need for Emergency Isolation Valves
- Using LOPA to Evaluate Taking a Safety System Out of Service
- Using LOPA during Incident Investigations
- Using LOPA in the Determination of SIL for SIF
- Advanced LOPA Topics
- Counting Multiple Functions in One BPCS as IPLs in the Same Scenario
- Summation of Risk for Multiple Scenarios
- Using LOPA to Develop F/N Curves
- Operator Response Issues
- Normal Plant Operations as "Tests: of IPL Components
- Focused Fault Tree/Event Tree Analysis of IPL Components
Index
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