Nanophysics and Nanotechnology provides a unique, self-contained introduction to the physical concepts, techniques and applications of nanoscale systems.

Features:

• Covers the entire spectrum from the latest examples right up to single-electron and molecular electronics
• Includes DNA as an organizing stratagem in self-assembly, silicon nanowires, comments on the new success toward human cloning, the achievement of self-replication in a primitive set of electromechanical robots

Contents

Introduction

• Nanometers, Micrometers, Millimeters
• Moore’s Law
• Esaki’s Quantum Tunneling Diode
• Quantum Dots of ManyColors
• GMR 100Gb Hard Drive “Read” Heads
• Accelerometers in your Car
• Nanopore Filters
• Nanoscale Elements in Traditional Technologies

Systematics of Making Things Smaller, Pre-quantum

• Mechanical Frequencies Increase in Small Systems
• Scaling Relations Illustrated by a Simple Harmonic Oscillator
• Scaling Relations Illustrated by imple Circuit Elements
• Thermal Time Constants and Temperature Differences Decrease
• Viscous Forces Become Dominant for Small Particles in Fluid Media
• Frictional Forces can Disappear in Symmetric Molecular Scale Systems

What are Limits to Smallness

• Particle (Quantum) Nature of Matter: Photons, Electrons, Atoms, Molecules
• Biological Examples of Nanomotors and Nanodevices
• Linear Spring Motors
• Linear Engines on Tracks
• RotaryMotors
• Ion Channels, the Nanotransistors of Biology
• How Small can you Make it
• What are the Methods for Making Small Objects
• How Can you See What you Want to Make
• How Can you Connect it to the Outside World
• If you Can’t See it or Connect to it, Can you Make it Self-assemble and Work on its Own
• Approaches to Assembly of Small Three-dimensional Objects
• Use of DNA Strands in Guiding Self-assemblyof Nanometer Size Structures

Quantum Nature of the Nanoworld

• Bohr’s Model of the Nuclear Atom
• Quantization of Angular Momentum
• Extensions of Bohr’s Model
• Particle-wave Nature of Light and Matter, DeBroglie Formulas k= h/p, E = hm
• Wavefunction W for Electron, ProbabilityDensity W*W, Traveling and Standing Waves
• Maxwell’s Equations; E and B as Wavefunctions for Photons, Optical Fiber Modes
• The Heisenberg UncertaintyPrinciple
• Schrodinger Equation, Quantum States and Energies, Barrier Tunneling
• Schrodinger Equations in one Dimension
• The Trapped Particle in one Dimension
• Reflection and Tunneling at a Potential Step
• Penetration of a Barrier, Escape Time from a Well, Resonant Tunneling Diode
• Trapped Particles in Two and Three Dimensions: Quantum Dot
• 2D Bands and Quantum Wires
• The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Quantum Consequences for the Macroworld

• Chemical Table of the Elements
• Nano-symmetry, Di-atoms, and Ferromagnets
• Indistinguishable Particles, and their Exchange
• he Hydrogen Molecule, Di-hydrogen: the Covalent Bond
• More Purely Nanophysical Forces: van der Waals, Casimir, and Hydrogen Bonding
• The Polar and van der Waals Fluctuation Forces
• The Casimir Force
• The Hydrogen Bond
• Metals as Boxes of Free Electrons: Fermi Level, DOS, Dimensionality
• Electronic Conduction, Resistivity,Mean Free Path, Hall Effect, Magnetoresistance
• Periodic Structures (e.g. Si, GaAs, InSb, Cu): Kronig–PenneyModel for Electron Bands and Gaps
• Electron Bands and Conduction in Semiconductors and Insulators; Localization vs. Delocalization
• Hydrogenic Donors and Acceptors
• Carrier Concentrations in Semiconductors, Metallic Doping
• PN Junction, Electrical Diode I(V) Characteristic, Injection Laser
• More about Ferromagnetism, the Nanophysical Basis of Disk Memory
• Surfaces are Different; SchottkyBarrier Thickness W = [2eeoVB/eND]1/2
• Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics and Pyroelectrics: Recent Applications to Advancing Nanotechnology

Self-assembled Nanostructures in Nature and Industry

• Carbon Atom 12 6C 1s2 2p4 (0.07 nm)
• Methane CH4, Ethane C2H6, and Octane C8H18
• Ethylene C2H4, Benzene C6H6, and Acetylene C2H2
• C60 Buckyball (~0.5 nm)
• C¥ Nanotube (~0.5 nm)
• Si Nanowire (~5 nm)
• InAs Quantum Dot (~5 nm)
• AgBr Nanocrystal (0.1–2 mm)
• Fe3O4 Magnetite and Fe3S4 Greigite Nanoparticles in Magnetotactic Bacteria
• Self-assembled Monolayers on Au and Other Smooth Surfaces

Physics-based Experimental Approaches to Nanofabrication and Nanotechnology

• Silicon Technology: the INTEL-IBM Approach to Nanotechnology
• Patterning, Masks, and Photolithography
• Etching Silicon
• Defining HighlyConducting Electrode Regions
• Methods of Deposition of Metal and Insulating Films
• Lateral Resolution (Linewidths) Limited byW avelength of Light, now 65nm
• Optical and X-rayLithography
• Electron-beam Lithography
• Sacrificial Layers, Suspended Bridges, Single-electron Transistors
• What is the Future of Silicon Computer Technology
• Heat Dissipation and the RSFQ Technology
• Scanning Probe (Machine) Methods: One Atom at a Time
• Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) as Prototype Molecular Assembler
• Moving Au Atoms, Making Surface Molecules
• Assembling Organic Molecules with an STM
• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Arrays
• Cantilever Arrays by Photolithography
• Nanofabrication with an AFM
• Imaging a Single Electron Spin bya Magnetic-resonance AFM
• Fundamental Questions: Rates, Accuracyand More

Quantum Technologies Based on Magnetism, Electron and Nuclear Spin, and Superconductivity

• The Stern–Gerlach Experiment: Observation of Spin 1Q2 Angular Momentum of the Electron
• Two Nuclear Spin Effects: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and the “21.1 cm Line”
• Electron Spin 1Q2 as a Qubit for a Quantum Computer: Quantum Superposition, Coherence
• Hard and Soft Ferromagnets
• The Origins of GMR (Giant Magnetoresistance): Spin-dependent Scattering of Electrons
• The GMR Spin Valve, a Nanophysical Magnetoresistance Sensor
• The Tunnel Valve, a Better (TMR) Nanophysical Magnetic Field Sensor
• Magnetic Random Access Memory(MRAM)
• Magnetic Tunnel Junction MRAM Arrays

Silicon Nanoelectronics and Beyond

• Electron Interference Devices with Coherent Electrons
• Ballistic Electron Transport in Stubbed Quantum Waveguides: Experiment and Theory
• Well-defined Quantum Interference Effects in Carbon Nanotubes
• Carbon Nanotube Sensors and Dense Nonvolatile Random Access Memories
• A Carbon Nanotube Sensor of Polar Molecules, Making Use of the InherentlyLarge Electric Fields
• Carbon Nanotube Cross-bar Arrays for Ultra-dense Ultra-fast Nonvolatile Random Access Memory
• Resonant Tunneling Diodes, Tunneling Hot Electron Transistors
• Double-well Potential Charge Qubits
• Silicon-based Quantum Computer Qubits
• Single Electron Transistors

Index

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