Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology provides a “bottom up” approach to studying skin toxicology.
Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology clearly outlines basic concepts, cites historical and modern references and contains a dictionary for easy reference.
Covers:
- Different sections cover skin structure and function, principles and measurement of skin absorption, clinical aspects of dermal toxicity and in vitro alternatives.
- A section on regulatory and legislative aspects includes case studies from the UK that fulfill European Union and US FDA requirements.
- A glossary provides definitions of technical terms, and the chapters contain an introduction, learning boxes and summary section for ease of use.
- Includes a chapter on drug delivery through the skin.
- Addresses risk assessment: a key area for the interpretation of skin absorption data that is rarely covered.
Contents
1. Cutaneous anatomy and function
- Surface features
- Functional histology of the epidermis and associated structures
- Species differences
2. Biochemistry of the skin
- Protein synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation
- Lipid synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation
- Lipid classes in the stratum corneum
- Stratum corneum turnover
- Biotransformations in skin
3. Skin photobiology
- Photoprotection and melanogenesis
- Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure and its link with photoageing and skin cancer
- Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of sun exposure in human skin
- Apoptosis
- Sun protection
Part I Skin Absorption
4. Skin as a route of entry
- Salient anatomical features of the stratum corneum – the ‘brick and mortar model’
- Species and regional variation in skin structure
- Species and regional variation in skin permeability
- Intra- and inter-individual variation in percutaneous absorption
- Effect of age on skin barrier function
- Role of skin appendages
- The in vitro skin sandwich model
- Penetration of particles through appendages
5. Physicochemical Factors Affecting Skin Absorption
- Physicochemical properties
- Exposure considerations
6. Principles of Diffusion and Thermodynamics
- Some definitions pertaining to skin absorption kinetics
- Basic concepts of diffusion
- Fick’s Laws of diffusion
- Thermodynamic activity
- Skin absorption of a substance from two different vehicles
- Partitioning
- Diffusivity
- Skin absorption data and risk assessments
7. In vivo measurements of skin absorption
- Why conduct in vivo studies?
- Ethics and legislation
- Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427
- Alternative in vivo methods
8. In vitro percutaneous absorption measurements
- Regulatory guidelines
- Why assess percutaneous absorption in vitro?
- Basic principle of in vitro percutaneous absorption measurements
- Choice of diffusion cell
- Skin membrane considerations
- Integrity measurements
- Choice of receptor fluid and sampling considerations
- Test material considerations
- Application of test preparation to the skin
- Examples of results from in vitro skin absorption studies
- What is considered to be absorbed?
- Micro-autoradiography
Part II Toxicological Assessment
9. Skin immunology and sensitisation
- Skin sensitisation
- Identification of skin sensitisers
- Risk assessment
- Other types of allergic skin reaction
- Future prospects
10. In vitro phototoxicity assays
- In vitro strategies for phototoxicity testing
- The UV/visible absorption spectrum as a pre-screen for phototoxicity
- In vitro assays for phototoxicity using monolayer cultures
- In vitro assays for photoallergenicity
- In vitro assays for phototoxicity using human 3-D skin models
11. In vitro alternatives for irritation and corrosion assessment
- Acute dermal irritation/corrosion
- Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin corrosion
- In vitro tests for skin corrosion
- Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin irritation
- In vitro tests for skin irritation
12. Instruments for measuring skin toxicity
- Skin surface pH
- Biomechanical properties
- Sebum
- Skin surface contours
- Thickness
- Desquamation
- Applications and measurement of transepidermal water loss
- Guidance for TEWL measurements
- Hydration measurement
- Guidance for hydration measurements
- Relationship between hydration and dermal toxicity
- Colour measurement
- Measurement of vascular perfusion
- A final word of caution
Part III Clinical Aspects
13. Introduction to dermatology
- Clinical assessment of patient with skin disease
- Cutaneous manifestations of disease following exposure to chemicals and pharmaceutical formulations
14. Clinical aspects of phototoxicity
- UV-induced skin reactions
- Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) reactions
- Photosensitive reactions
15. Occupational skin diseases
- Dermatitis
- Development of occupational dermatitis
- Patterns of occupational dermatitis
- Incidence of occupational dermatitis
- Effects of dermatitis on work
- The outlook in occupational dermatitis
- Identification of occupational dermatitis
- Other occupational skin disorders
- Investigation of a case of dermatitis at work
16. Prevention of occupational skin disease
- Prevention of occupational skin disease
- Defining the problem
- Material safety data sheets
- Chain of responsibility
- Managing dermal exposure
- Selection and use of personal protective equipment
- Protective or ‘barrier’ creams: do they have a role?
- The role of education and training
Part IV Regulatory
17. Occupational skin exposures: legal aspects
- Brief overview of current United Kingdom legislation
- The employer’s perspective
- Hazard identification
- Risk assessment
- Gloves: a note of caution
18. Safety assessment of cosmetics: an EU perspective
- Overview and scope of Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC
- Overview of the requirements of the EU Cosmetics Directive
- Scientific advice
- Influence of other legislation
- Adverse effects from cosmetics
- Toxicity of cosmetic ingredients
- The safety assessment
- A final consideration
19. Regulatory dermatotoxicology and international guidelines
- Regulatory context
- Product groups and the human context
- Dermal toxicology with the different product groups
- Factors in dermal toxicity
- Repeat dose dermal toxicology
- Classic short-term dermal toxicity studies
- Pragmatic considerations
20. Glossary of main terms and abbreviations
Index
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